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    \textbf{\Large CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Practical Syllabus (2025-26)} \\
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% Introduction section
\section*{Introduction}
The CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Practical Syllabus is designed to develop experimental skills, observation techniques, and analytical abilities among students. The practical component carries 30 marks and includes experiments, project work, practical file, and viva voce. The syllabus emphasizes hands-on learning to reinforce theoretical concepts.

% Evaluation Scheme section
\section{Evaluation Scheme}
The practical examination is evaluated as follows:
\begin{itemize}
    \item Volumetric Analysis: 8 marks
    \item Salt Analysis: 8 marks
    \item Content-Based Experiment: 6 marks
    \item Project Work: 4 marks
    \item Practical File and Viva Voce: 4 marks
    \item \textbf{Total: 30 marks}
\end{itemize}

% Practical Experiments section
\section{Practical Experiments}
\subsection{A. Surface Chemistry}
\begin{enumerate}
    \item Preparation of one lyophilic and one lyophobic sol (e.g., starch, gum, aluminium hydroxide, or ferric hydroxide).
    \item Study of the role of emulsifying agents in stabilizing emulsions.
\end{enumerate}

\subsection{B. Chemical Kinetics}
\begin{enumerate}
    \item Study the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid.
    \item Study the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid.
\end{enumerate}

\subsection{C. Thermochemistry}
Any one of the following experiments:
\begin{enumerate}
    \item Enthalpy of dissolution of copper sulphate or potassium nitrate.
    \item Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid (HCl) with strong base (NaOH).
    \item Determination of enthalpy change during interaction between acetone and chloroform.
\end{enumerate}

\subsection{D. Electrochemistry}
\begin{enumerate}
    \item Variation of cell potential in Zn/Zn\textsuperscript{2+} || Cu\textsuperscript{2+}/Cu with change in concentration of electrolytes at room temperature.
\end{enumerate}

\subsection{E. Chromatography}
\begin{enumerate}
    \item Separation of pigments from extracts of leaves or flowers by paper chromatography and determination of Rf values.
    \item Separation of constituents present in an inorganic mixture containing two cations by paper chromatography.
\end{enumerate}

\subsection{F. Preparation of Inorganic Compounds}
\begin{enumerate}
    \item Preparation of double salt: ferrous ammonium sulphate or potash alum.
    \item Preparation of potassium ferric oxalate.
\end{enumerate}

\subsection{G. Preparation of Organic Compounds}
Any one of the following:
\begin{enumerate}
    \item Preparation of acetanilide.
    \item Preparation of di-benzalacetone.
    \item Preparation of p-nitroacetanilide.
    \item Preparation of aniline yellow or 2-naphthol aniline dye.
\end{enumerate}

\subsection{H. Tests for Functional Groups in Organic Compounds}
\begin{enumerate}
    \item Alcoholic group, aldehyde group, ketonic group, carboxylic group, amino group, etc.
\end{enumerate}

\subsection{I. Qualitative Analysis}
\begin{enumerate}
    \item Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, halogens, and phosphorus in organic compounds.
    \item Identification of cations and anions in a given salt.
\end{enumerate}

\subsection{J. Volumetric Analysis}
\begin{enumerate}
    \item Determination of concentration/molarity of KMnO\textsubscript{4} solution by titrating it against a standard solution of oxalic acid or ferrous ammonium sulphate.
\end{enumerate}

% Project Work section
\section{Project Work}
Students are required to undertake one project, which may include:
\begin{itemize}
    \item Study of the presence of oxalate ions in guava fruit at different stages of ripening.
    \item Study of quantity of casein in different samples of milk.
    \item Preparation of soybean milk and its comparison with natural milk.
    \item Study of the effect of potassium bisulphate as a food preservative under various conditions.
    \item Comparative study of the rate of fermentation of various food materials.
    \item Analysis of fruit and vegetable juices for their acidity.
\end{itemize}

% Guidelines for Practical File and Viva Voce section
\section{Guidelines for Practical File and Viva Voce}
\begin{itemize}
    \item Maintain a neat and systematic practical record book with all experiments recorded.
    \item Include aim, materials required, procedure, observations, calculations (where applicable), and results for each experiment.
    \item Viva voce will assess understanding of experiments, observations, and theoretical concepts.
\end{itemize}

% Notes section
\section{Notes}
\begin{itemize}
    \item Safety precautions must be followed during all experiments.
    \item Proper handling of chemicals and equipment is mandatory.
    \item Experiments should be conducted under the supervision of a teacher.
\end{itemize}

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